Tuesday, December 31, 2013

What is Gemcitabine ?


Gemcitabine is a nucleoside analog used as chemotherapy. Gemcitabine HCL is a chemotherapy drug that is given as a treatment for some types of cancer. It is most commonly used to treat non-small cell lung cancer, pancreatic, bladder and breast cancer. Gemcitabine is used in various carcinomas: non-small cell lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, bladder cancer and breast cancer. It is being investigated for use in esophageal cancer, and is used experimentally in lymphomas and various other tumor types. Gemcitabine represents an advance in pancreatic cancer care[citation needed]. It is also not as debilitating as some other forms of chemotherapy.
A study reported in the Journal of the American Medical Association in 2007 suggested that gemcitabine showed benefit in patients with pancreatic cancer who were felt to have successful tumor resections.
CAS:12111-03-9
Molecular Formula:C9H11F2N3O4.HCl
Molecular Weight:299.66

What is rifampicin ?

Rifampicin or rifampin is a bactericidal antibiotic drug of the rifamycin group.It is a semisynthetic compound derived from Amycolatopsis rifamycinica.Rifampicin was introduced in 1967, as a major addition to the cocktail-drug treatment of tuberculosis and inactive meningitis, along with isoniazid, ethambutol, pyrazinamide and streptomycin. Rifampicin is an intensely red solid, and the small fraction which reaches body fluids is known for imparting a harmless red-orange color to the urine  of users, for a few hours after a dose. Maximal concentrations in the blood are decreased by about a third when the antibiotic is taken with food.
Rifampicin was introduced in 1967, as a major addition to the cocktail-drug treatment of tuberculosis and inactive meningitis, along with pyrazinamide, isoniazid, ethambutol and streptomycin ("PIERS"). It requires a prescription in North America. It must be administered regularly daily for several months without break; otherwise, the risk of drug-resistant tuberculosis is greatly increased. In fact, this is the primary reason it is used in tandem with the three aforementioned drugs, particularly isoniazid. This is also the primary motivation behind directly observed therapy for tuberculosis.
Rifampicin resistance develops quickly during treatment, so monotherapy should not be used to treat these infections — it should be used in combination with other antibiotics.Rifampicin is typically used to treat Mycobacterium infections, including tuberculosis and Hansen's disease. It can be used to treat abscesses, as an uncommon complication of BCG vaccination for tuberculosis.[citation needed]
There is no difference between a three to four month regimen of rifampicin and a six to nine month regimen for preventing active tuberculosis in those with HIV-negative latent tuberculosis. The quality of the evidence was however low.
With multidrug therapy used as the standard treatment of Hansen's disease, rifampicin is always used in combination with dapsone and clofazimine to avoid eliciting drug resistance.

Monday, December 30, 2013

About bicozamycin


The efficacy of bicozamycin, a poorly absorbable antibiotic, in the treatment of acute diarrhea was assessed in a prospective, double-blind study of 140 adults from the United States visiting Guadalajara, Mexico. Patients randomly received bicozamycin (500 mg orally four times daily) or placebo for 3 days. The mean duration of illness was shorter in the bicozamycin than the placebo treatment groups for patients with diarrhea due to Shigella (37 versus 96 hours; p = 0.01), toxigenic Escherichia coli (31 versus 60 hours; p = 0.003), and unknown pathogens (18 versus 41 hours; p = 0.02). Cramps were significantly relieved by bicozamycin in all patients. Treatment failed in significantly fewer patients treated with bicozamycin than those treated with placebo when diarrhea was associated with Shigella, Salmonella or toxigenic E. coli. bicozamycin was well tolerated and appears to be effective therapy for acute travelers' diarrhea of diverse causes. These data show the value of an antibiotic in the therapy of toxigenic E. coli infection and indicate a need to reevaluate the clinical dictum that nonabsorbable antibiotics are ineffective against invasive enteropathogens.
CAS No.:38129-37-2
Synonyms: Aizumycin;Bacteron;Bicyclomycin;
Molecular formula:  C12H18N2O7
MW: 302.281
EINECS: 253-795-3
Mol file: 38129-37-2.mol

What is Mesterolone ?


Mesterolone is an orally applicable androgen, and DHT derivative. It is sold under the brand name Proviron (as Provironum in Asia-Pacific region), by Bayer Schering Pharma (earlier by Schering). In the late 70's and early 80's it was used with some success in controlled studies of men suffering from various forms of depression. Mesterolone is a relatively weak androgen and rarely used for replacement therapies
Mesterolone had seen widespread use in bodybuilding primarily for antiestrogenic activity in anabolic steroid stacks but such use has declined after introduction of aromatase inhibitors and SERMs. Most significant benefits of current Mesterolone use are considered to be maintaining libido off-cycle and also relatively and temporarily improving vascularity.Mesterolone  is widely applied in pharmaceutical, food, health care and other industries.

Sunday, December 29, 2013

about Tadalafil


Tadalafil is used to treat erectile dysfunction (impotence; inability to get or keep an erection) in men. Tadalafil is in a class of medications called phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors.
Tadalafil is a PDE5 inhibitor marketed in pill form for treating erectile dysfunction (ED) under the name Cialis, and under the name Adcirca for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension. In October 2011 the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved Cialis for treating the signs and symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) as well as a combination of BPH and erectile dysfunction (ED) when the conditions coincide. It initially was developed by the biotechnology company ICOS, and then again developed and marketed world-wide by Lilly ICOS, LLC, the joint venture of ICOS Corporation and Eli Lilly and Company. Cialis tablets, in 5 mg, 10 mg, and 20 mg doses, are yellow, film-coated, and almond-shaped. The approved dose for pulmonary arterial hypertension is 40 mg (two 20-mg tablets) once daily.
Tadalafil is also manufactured and sold under the name of Tadacip by the Indian pharmaceutical company Cipla in doses of 10 mg and 20 mg.

About Mesterolone


Mesterolone is an orally applicable androgen, and DHT derivative. It is sold under the brand name Proviron (as Provironum in Asia-Pacific region), by Bayer Schering Pharma (earlier by Schering). In the late 70's and early 80's it was used with some success in controlled studies of men suffering from various forms of depression. Mesterolone is a relatively weak androgen and rarely used for replacement therapies
Mesterolone had seen widespread use in bodybuilding primarily for antiestrogenic activity in anabolic steroid stacks but such use has declined after introduction of aromatase inhibitors and SERMs. Most significant benefits of current Mesterolone use are considered to be maintaining libido off-cycle and also relatively and temporarily improving vascularity.Mesterolone  is widely applied in pharmaceutical, food, health care and other industries.

Friday, December 27, 2013

Description of Nano gold(Au) powder


Nano gold(Au) powder Description
1. Brown black
2. Particle size: 20-30nm
3. Purity: 99.95%
4. Colorant, antibiotic
Nano gold(Au) powder  Main application field:
1. Colorant in foodstuff, glass and organism.
2. Tarnishproof coloring material.
3. Analysis DNA.
4. Used for the determination of the genetic gene
5. To add into cosmetics can skin whitening, anti-aging, moisturizing and antibiotic.
6. Mixing with TiO2 can be made into environment purification products, especially clear CO such harmful substances and the effects are very good.

what is Soluphor P

Soluphor P is available as a solidified excipient which is soluble in water and a number of organic solvents, e.g. ethanol, isopropyl alcohol and aromatic hydrocarbons. The solutions of Soluphor P in water of up to 50% have a viscosity of not more than 4 mPa.s, lending it useful in injectable formulations.Soluphor P is colourless or slightly coloured liquid which solidifies at room temperature and has a characteristic odour.It is used mainly as a solvent for veterinary injections.  Also indicated as absorption enhancer for topical formulations using the  transdermal or transmucosal route.
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Thursday, December 26, 2013

About Lufenuron

Lufenuron, a benzoylurea pesticide, inhibits the production of chitin in larval fleas. Without chitin, a larval flea will never develop an exoskeleton. Attacking the ability to create chitin may make lufenuron a remedy against fungal infections, such as ringworm (a dermatophyte infection and not a worm at all).It has no known toxic effects at any dosage on humans or other animals in the environment that do not depend on chitin, though the orally-administered pills can sometimes cause an upset stomach with acid reflux.Lufenuron is thought to be an effective antifungal in plants. It is safe because it is biochemically inert to mammals. Lufenuron is not broken down by the liver or kidneys. Its antifungal property may be due to inhibition of chitin synthesis, which makes up roughly 33% of the typical fungal cell wall.
CAS:103055-07-8

Molecular Formula:C17H8Cl2F8N2O3

Molecular Weight:511.15g/mol

the use of Ceftriaxone sodium


Ceftriaxone is often used  for the treatment of community-acquired or mild to moderate health care-associated pneumonia. It is also a choice drug for treatment of bacterial meningitis. In pediatrics, it is commonly used in febrile infants between 4 and 8 weeks of age who are admitted to the hospital to exclude sepsis. The dosage for acute ear infection in the very young is 50 mg IM, one dose daily up to three days. It has also been used in the treatment of Lyme disease, typhoid fever, and gonorrhea.
Intravenous dosages may be adjusted for body mass in younger patients and is administered every 12–24 hours, at a dose that depends on the type and severity of the infection.Ceftriaxone has also been investigated for efficacy in preventing relapse to cocaine addiction.
Ceftriaxone seems to increase EAAT2 pump expression and activity[6] in the central nervous system and has therefore a potential to reduce glutamatergic toxicity.Ceftriaxone has been shown to have neuroprotective properties in a number of neurological disorders, including spinal muscular atrophy and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Despite earlier negative results in the 1990s, a large clinical trial was undertaken in 2006 to test ceftriaxone in ALS patients but was stopped early after it became clear that the results would not meet the pre-determined criteria for efficacy. 

Wednesday, December 25, 2013

information about Oxytetracycline


Oxytetracycline was the second of the broad-spectrum tetracycline group of antibiotics to be discovered.
Oxytetracycline works by interfering with the ability of bacteria to produce essential proteins. Without these proteins, the bacteria cannot grow, multiply and increase in numbers. Oxytetracycline therefore stops the spread of the infection and the remaining bacteria are killed by the immune system or eventually die.Oxytetracycline is a broad-spectrum antibiotic, active against a wide variety of bacteria. However, some strains of bacteria have developed resistance to this antibiotic, which has reduced its effectiveness for treating some types of infections.Oxytetracycline is still used to treat infections caused by Chlamydia infections caused by Mycoplasma organisms .
Oxytetracycline is also used to treat acne, due to its activity against the bacteria on the skin that cause acne . It is used to treat flare-ups of chronic bronchitis, due to its activity against the bacteria usually responsible, Haemophilus influenzae.
Oxytetracycline may also be used to treat other rarer infections, such as those caused by a group of micro-organisms called rickettsiae . To make sure the bacteria causing an infection are susceptible to it, a tissue sample is usually taken, for example a swab from the infected area, or a urine or blood sample.Oxytetracycline, like other tetracyclines, is used to treat many infections, both common and rare . Its better absorption profile makes it preferable to tetracycline for moderately severe acne at a dosage of 250–500 mg four times a day for usually six to eight weeks at a time, but alternatives should be sought if no improvement occurs by three months. Avoid milk, iron, zinc or indigestion remedies while taking Oxytetracycline. Take before food or on an empty stomach.
It is sometimes used to treat spirochaetal infections, clostridial wound infection and anthrax in patients sensitive to penicillin. Oxytetracycline is used to treat infections of the respiratory and urinary tracts, skin, ear, eye and gonorrhoea, although its use for such purposes has declined in recent years due to large increases in bacterial resistance to this class of drugs. The drug is particularly useful when penicillins and/or macrolides cannot be used due to allergy. It may be used to treat Legionnaire's disease as a substitute for a macrolide or quinolone.

what is Norfloxacin

Norfloxacin is an antibiotic in a class of drugs called fluoroquinolones. It fights bacteria in the body. Norfloxacin is used to treat various bacterial infections, such as urinary tract infections, gonorrhea, and prostate infections.Norfloxacin is usually efficacious for urinary tract infections (curing rates about 90%).Norfloxacin is highly lipid-soluble, and penetrates tissues and cells very rapidly after administration, often achieving tissue concentrations that are several times higher than the concurrent serum levels.Norfloxacin is highly lipid-soluble, and penetrates tissues and cells very rapidly after administration, often achieving tissue concentrations that are several times higher than the concurrent serum levels. 
Molecular formula: C16H18FN3O3
Molecular weight: 319.3349
CAS No.: 70458-96-7 

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Tuesday, December 24, 2013

About Cortisone Acetate


Cortisone acetate is a glucocorticoid. Glucocorticoids are adrenocortical steroids, both naturally occurring and synthetic, which are readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. Cortisone acetate is a white to practically white, odorless, crystalline powder. It is insoluble in water; freely soluble in chloroform; soluble in dioxane; sparingly soluble in acetone; slightly soluble in alcohol.
The chemical name for cortisone acetate is pregn-4-ene-3,11,20-trione, 21-(acetyloxy)-17-hydroxy and the molecular weight is 402.49. The use of cortisone acetate in active tuberculosis should be restricted to those cases of fulminating or disseminated tuberculosis in which the corticosteroid is used for the management of the disease in conjunction with an appropriate antituberculous regimen.The initial dosage of cortisone acetate may vary from 25 to 300 mg per day depending on the specific disease entity being treated. In situations of less severity, lower doses will generally suffice; while in selected patients higher initial doses may be required. The initial dosage should be maintained or adjusted until a satisfactory response is noted. If after a reasonable period of time there is a lack of satisfactory clinical response, cortisone acetate should be discontinued and the patient transferred to other appropriate therapy. 

What is Imatinib mesylate

Imatinib mesylate is a small molecule that inhibits the c-Abl protein-tyrosine kinase, a kinase specifically important for proliferation of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML).Imatinib mesylate is a white to off-white to brownish or yellowish tinged crystalline powder. Its molecular formula is C29H31N7O • CH4SO3 and its molecular weight is 589.7. Imatinib mesylate is soluble in aqueous buffers ≤ pH 5.5 but is very slightly soluble to insoluble in neutral/alkaline aqueous buffers. In non-aqueous solvents, the drug substance is freely soluble to very slightly soluble in dimethyl sulfoxide, methanol and ethanol, but is insoluble in n-octanol, acetone and acetonitrile.
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Monday, December 23, 2013

Benefits of Nicotinamide Riboside


Nicotinamide Riboside is a natural ingredient that is found in milk. It is actually related to niacin and other forms of vitamin B3. This molecule has become more and more popular today because of various scientific studies that prove its ability to prevent obesity by helping you fight weight gain. Researchers have found that this molecule can serve as a unique supplement that will boost one’s metabolism to help burn off more calories and prevent weight gain. Apart from preventing weight gain, it also helps boost muscle performance, increase energy expenditure, and minimize the risk factors of diabetes. What makes this milk ingredient even more appealing is that it does not have any side effects.

Basically, nicotinamide riboside is a naturally occurring precursor of NAD+. What NAD does it is allows sugars, proteins, and fats to be converted into energy. Thus, this process simply shows that nicotinamide riboside boosts NAD levels in the cells of mammals to burn sugars, proteins, and fats as energy to encourage weight loss. In order to further study the many health benefits of nicotinamide riboside (NR), Dr. Suave invented a straightforward methodology to synthesize NR so that it could be studied on a much larger scale. This method of synthezization is patented by Cornell’s Center for Technology Enterprise and Commercialization and is licensed to ChromaDex Corportation.
CAS No.:1341-23-7

Synonyms: Nicotinamide-beta-Riboside;

Molecular Formula: C11H15N2O5+

Use of Sucralfate

Sucralfate is an anti-ulcer drug useful for the treatment and prevention of gastric (stomach) and intestinal ulcers.Sucralfate is used in the treatment and prevention of oral (mouth), esophagus (food tube), stomach and intestinal ulcers. Sucralfate promotes healing in animals with ulcers or erosions (shallow depressions in the stomach lining). Sucralfate may be useful in preventing gastritis (stomach inflammation) caused by ulcerogenic drugs (such as aspirin). Another use is in the management of acid reflux disease to reduce injury to the esophagus.
The only FDA-approved indication for sucralfate is for the treatment of active duodenal ulcers not related to NSAID usage because the mechanism behind these ulcers is secondary to acid oversecretion. It is not technically approved for gastric ulcers because the main mechanism is not due to acid oversecretion but rather from diminished protection. The use for sucralfate in peptic ulcer disease has diminished recently, but it is still the preferred agent for stress ulcer prophylaxis.

Friday, December 20, 2013

About Testosterone decanoate


Testosterone Decanoate is available under the trade name "Neotest 250" by the Mexican drug company Loeffler. Most people will have used testosterone with this ester in the popular testosterone blend "Sustanon 250", so it's far from something new on the market. It's just never been offered outside of a blend until a few years ago.
Basically, like all forms of esterfied testosterone, what we're looking at is the parent hormone bound to a fatty acid (the ester) to delay its release into the body. With regards to the decanoate ester, this gives us a nice long active life in the body, and there's no reason to inject this more than once every week.

Name: Testosterone decanoate
Catalog No: 3B3-004632
CAS No: 5721-91-5
Molecular Formula: C29H46O3
Molecular Weight: 442.67
Purity: 98.0%

Information about Testosterone undecanoate

Testosterone undecanoate or testosterone undecylate is an ester of testosterone. This hormone is used in androgen replacement therapy primarily for the treatment of male hypogonadism, and is currently under research for use as a male contraceptive.
Andriol is a unique oral testosterone product, developed by the international drug firm Organon. One of the more recently developed anabolic steroids, Andriol first became available in the early 1980's. This compound contains 40 mg of testosterone undecanoate, based in oil (oleic acid) and sealed inside a capsule. Subtracting the ester weight, this equates to a dosage of approximately 25mg of raw testosterone per cap. The design of this steroid is quite different from that of most oral steroids. Drugs administered orally generally enter the blood stream through the liver. When a steroid compound is given this way without some form of structural protection, it will be quickly broken down during the "first pass". This process leaves very little steroid intact, basically deactivating the drug. Adding a methyl group (c-17 AA) to the structure is one way to protect it from this process, however stress is also placed on the liver as a result. In some instances this stress can lead to actual damage to liver tissues, so the designers of this steroid sought another way to protect the testosterone molecule. With Andriol, this was accomplished by making a form of testosterone that would be absorbed through the lymphatic system. This is due to its high fat solubility brought about by the ester, and its suspension in oil. Having the compound absorbed this way was thought to be very advantageous, as it allows the steroid to bypass the destructive first-pass through liver. This should permit the compound to enter the blood stream intact, without the need for a harsh chemical alteration. The ester breaks off once it is in circulation of course, yielding free active Pharmacokinetics of Orai Testosterone testosterone. In design this steroid appears to be undecanoate that of a completely liver safe and orally active form of testosterone.

Thursday, December 19, 2013

Properties of Magnesium (powder)

magnesium is a rather strong, silvery-white, light-weight metal (two-thirds the density of aluminium). It tarnishes slightly when exposed to air, although, unlike the alkali metals, an oxygen-free environment is unnecessary for storage because magnesium is protected by a thin layer of oxide that is fairly impermeable and difficult to remove. Like its lower periodic table group neighbor calcium, magnesium reacts with water at room temperature, though it reacts much more slowly than calcium. When submerged in water, hydrogen bubbles almost unnoticeably begin to form on the surface of the metal—though, if powdered, it reacts much more rapidly. The reaction occurs faster with higher temperatures (see precautions). Magnesium's ability to react with water can be harnessed to produce energy and run a magnesium-based engine. Magnesium also reacts exothermically with most acids, such as hydrochloric acid (HCl). As with aluminium, zinc, and many other metals, the reaction with HCl produces the chloride of the metal and releases hydrogen gas.
Magnesium is a highly flammable metal, but, while it is easy to ignite when powdered or shaved into thin strips, it is difficult to ignite in mass or bulk. Once ignited, it is difficult to extinguish, being able to burn in nitrogen (forming magnesium nitride), carbon dioxide (forming magnesium oxide, and carbon) and water (forming magnesium oxide and hydrogen). This property was used in incendiary weapons used in the firebombing of cities in World War II, the only practical civil defense being to smother a burning flare under dry sand to exclude the atmosphere. On burning in air, magnesium produces a brilliant-white light that includes strong ultraviolet. Thus, magnesium powder (flash powder) was used as a source of illumination in the early days of photography. Later, magnesium ribbon was used in electrically ignited flashbulbs. Magnesium powder is used in the manufacture of fireworks and marine flares where a brilliant white light is required. Flame temperatures of magnesium and magnesium alloys can reach 3,100 °C (3,370 K; 5,610 °F), although flame height above the burning metal is usually less than 300 mm (12 in). Magnesium may be used as an ignition source for thermite, a mixture of aluminium and iron oxide powder that is otherwise difficult to ignite.

Use of Rhodium

Rhodium is a so-called noble metal, resistant to corrosion, found in platinum- or nickel ores together with the other members of the platinum group metals. The element's major use (about 80% of world rhodium production) is as one of the catalysts in the three-way catalytic converters of automobiles.

Rhodium is used as an alloying agent for hardening and improving the corrosion resistance of platinum and palladium. These alloys are used in furnace windings, bushings for glass fiber production, thermocouple elements, electrodes for aircraft spark plugs, and laboratory crucibles. Other uses include:
An electrical contact material due to its low electrical resistance, low and stable contact resistance, and high corrosion resistance.
Plated rhodium, made by electroplating or evaporation, is extremely hard and is used for optical instruments.
It is also used as a filter in mammography systems because of the characteristic X-rays it produces.[

Wednesday, December 18, 2013

Carnidazole

Carnidazole is an antiprotozoal drug of the nitroimidazole class used in veterinary medicine. It is used to treat Trichomonas infection.Spartrix (Carnidazole) is indicated for oral treatment of trichomoniasis (canker) in ornamental and homing (non-food) pigeons.

DOSAGE
A. DOSAGE FORM Tablet (Each tablet contains 10 mg of 
Carnidazole).  
B. ROUTE OF ADMINISTRATION Oral 
C. RECOMMENDED DOSAGES: 
One (10 mg) tablet per adult pigeon. One half tablet (5 mg) per newly weaned pigeon. 


CAS No.:42116-76-7


Synonyms: Spartrix;

Molecular Formula:  C8H12N4O3S

Molecular Weight:  244
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Spironolactone

Spironolactone is used as a diuretic to remove the excess fluid caused by congestive heart failure, cirrhosis of the liver, and kidney disease. It can also be used to treat elevated blood pressure in combination with other drugs and in resistant cases of low potassium (hypokalemia). Spironolactone is also used to counteract the effects of excessive adrenal aldosterone production.Spironolactone is a specialized antagonist of aldosterone.
CAS NO:52-01-7
Molecular formula:C24H32O4S
Molecular weight:416.574 g/mol
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Tuesday, December 17, 2013

About Ursodeoxycholic Acid

Ursodeoxycholic Acid is one of the secondary bile acids, which are metabolic byproducts of intestinal bacteria.It is believed to inhibit apoptosis. Ursodeoxycholic Acid can be used as stones dissolving drugs.It is used for the appropriate surgical treatment of Cholesterol-type gallstones and so on.

Surgery is the usual treatment for gallstones that are causing symptoms, but treatment with ursodeoxycholic acid may dissolve smaller stones which are made mainly of cholesterol. It works by reducing the amount of cholesterol released by your liver into bile and by slowly dispersing the cholesterol. This breaks up the stones.
Some ursodeoxycholic acid preparations can also help to treat primary biliary cirrhosis. This is a condition that slowly damages the bile ducts in the liver, and as the disease progresses, it can damage the liver.

Cas:128-13-2
Molecular Formula:C24H40O4
Molecular weight:392.56 g/mol

About Carbendazim

Carbendazim (methyl benzimidazol-2-ylcarbamate) is a systemic benzimidazole fungicide used to control a broad range of diseases on pulses and macadamias and as a timber treatment fungicide. Prior the review being finalised, it was also used on a wide range of horticultural crops, in post-harvest food storage, as a pre-planting ginger and sugar cane treatment.
Carbendazim is a widely used broad-spectrum benzimidazole fungicide. A 4.7% solution of carbendazim hydrochloride is sold as Eertavas, an effective treatment for Dutch elm disease.
CAS NO:10605-21-7
Molecular formula:C9H9N3O2
Molecular weight:191.19
Appearance:Light gray powder
Melting point:302-307 °C (decomposes)

Friday, December 13, 2013

Finasteride

Finasteride works by blocking the conversion of the hormone testosterone to dihydrotestosterone in the prostate. It does this by blocking an enzyme called 5-alpha reductase. Dihydrotestosterone is partly responsible for making the prostate enlarge. Therefore a reduced amount of dihydrotestosterone in the prostate causes it to shrink. This helps you to pass urine more easily.
Finasteride may cause harm to an unborn male baby. Because of this, women who are pregnant (or who may become pregnant) should not handle these tablets, especially if the coating is damaged. Also, small amounts of finasteride will be in your semen while you are taking this medicine, and it is therefore recommended that you use a barrier method of contraception (such as a condom) if your partner could become pregnant. If you need further advice about this, speak with you pharmacist or doctor.

store finasteride
Keep all medicines out of the reach and sight of children.
Store in a cool, dry place, away from direct heat and light.

Nandrolone decanoate

Nandrolone decanoate is indicated for the management of the anemia of renal insufficiency and has been shown to increase hemoglobin and red cell mass. Surgically induced anephric patients have been reported to be less responsive.
The safety and efficacy of Nandrolone decanoate in children with metastatic breast cancer (rarely found) has not been established. Anabolic agents may accelerate epiphyseal maturation more rapidly than linear growth in children, and the effect may continue for six months after the drug has been stopped.  Therefore, therapy should be monitored by X-ray studies at six month intervals in order to avoid the risk of compromising the adult height. Nandrolone decanoate injection is intended for deep intramuscular injection only, into the gluteal muscle preferably.  Dosage should be based on therapeutic response and consideration of the benefit to risk ratio.  Duration of therapy will depend on the response of the condition and the appearance of adverse reactions.  If possible, therapy should be intermittent.  Nandrolone decanoate should be regarded as adjunctive therapy and adequate quantities of nutrients should be consumed in order to obtain maximal therapeutic effects.  For example, when it is used in the treatment of refractory anemia, adequate iron intake is required for a maximal response.

what is Testosterone-Propionate


Testosterone-Propionate was one of the first anabolic androgenic steroids ever synthesized and made ready for human use in mass production and as such is one of the most popular anabolic steroids of all time. While there are hundreds of anabolic steroids and forms within each, Testosterone-Propionate is largely one of the easiest to understand as it is very basic in composition and simply a pure testosterone. However, as simple as it is it further remains very powerful and highly effective yet many understand Testosterone-Propionate as well as they understand the most basic algorithms used in space exploration.
While a very simple hormone to understand the facts remain tarnished as most garner their information from internet wonder boys who are masters of the Bro-Tastic lifestyle. Nevertheless the truth is out there; understanding is attainable and we’ve provided you with a good place to start. We have taken some of the most common misconceptions off of some of the most popular message boards that deal in the discussion of anabolic steroids and Testosterone-Propionate and left you with the truth.
Testosterone-Propionate is one of the more popular testosterone forms used the world over and one of the more popular anabolic androgenic steroids of all time. As testosterone was the first anabolic steroid every synthesized Testosterone Propionate was the first form to hit the shelves in mass quantities made ready for human use. Like the popular oral steroid Dianabol, Testosterone-Propionate has been available for a very long time and like

Thursday, December 12, 2013

The use of Minocycline hydrochloride


Minocycline and doxycycline are frequently used for the treatment of acne vulgaris. Both of these closely related antibiotics have similar levels of efficacy, although doxycycline has a slightly lower risk of adverse side effects. Historically, minocycline has been a very effective treatment for acne vulgaris. However, acne that is caused by antibiotic resistant bacteria is a growing problem in many countries. In Europe and North America, a significant number of acne patients no longer respond well to treatment with tetracycline family antibiotics (e.g. tetracycline, doxycycline and minocycline) because their acne symptoms are caused by bacteria (primarily Propionibacterium acnes) that are resistant to these antibiotics.
Minocycline is also used for other skin infections such as MRSA as well as Lyme disease, as the one pill twice daily 100 mg dosage is far easier for patients than the four times a day required with tetracycline or oxytetracycline. Its activity against Lyme disease is enhanced by its superior ability to cross the blood-brain barrier.
Although minocycline's broader spectrum of activity, compared with other members of the group, includes activity against Neisseria meningitidis, its use as a prophylaxis is no longer recommended because of side effects (dizziness and vertigo).
It may be used to treat certain strains of MRSA infection and a disease caused by drug resistant acinetobacter.
Both minocycline and doxycycline have shown effectiveness in asthma due to immune suppressing effects. Minocycline as well as doxycycline have modest effectiveness in treating rheumatoid arthritis. It is recognized as a DMARDS (Disease-Modifying Anti-Rheumatic Drug) by the American College of Rheumatology, which recommends its use as a treatment for rheumatoid arthritis.

About Melarsomine



Melarsomine is the drug of choice for the first stage and is effective for killing adult heartworms living in the arteries of the lungs.,it is an arsenic-based drug. Although these drugs are known to kill adult heartworms, the exact method of the killing action is unknown.Melarsomine administration does not result in arsenic poisoning,it is a prescription drug and can only be obtained from a veterinarian or by prescription from a veterinarian.
Melarsomine is an injectable drug for in-hospital use to kill adult heartworms in dogs. Treatment (not prevention) of heartworm infection can result in fatal complications, but death from the untreated heartworm infection is far more likely. Dogs must have 4-6 weeks of cage rest following treatment.
Melarsomine is preferred over another drug, thiacetarsamide, that kills adult heartworms because it is less likely to cause a reaction where injected, it is more effective, less likely to cause liver damage, and can be used more safely in dogs with severe heartworm disease.
Synonyms: Melarsominum;Arsonodithious acid
CAS No. :128470-15-5

Molecular Formula:  C13H21AsN8S2

Molecular Weight:  428.411

Wednesday, December 11, 2013

Corticosterone

Corticosterone (CORT) is a 21-carbon steroid hormone of the corticosteroid type produced in the cortex of the adrenal glands in rodents and other non-human animals.

In many species, including amphibians, reptiles, rodents and birds, corticosterone is a main glucocorticoid, involved in regulation of fuel, immune reactions, and stress responses.
However, in humans, cortisol is the primary glucocorticoid that is produced primarily in the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex. It has only weak glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid potencies in humans and is important mainly as an intermediate in the steroidogenic pathway from pregnenolone to aldosterone. Cortisol is converted to aldosterone by aldosterone synthase, found only in the mitochondria of glomerulosa cells. Glomerulosa cells are found in the Zona glomerulosa, which is the most superficial region of endocrine cells in the adrenal cortex.
Corticosterone is the precursor molecule to the mineralocorticoid aldosterone, one of the major homeostatic modulators of sodium and potassium levels in vivo.

When administered immediately after memory reactivation of a contextual fear memory they can result in diminished memory.  However, there are many different types of memory meaning this result can not be applied in all circumstances.

Spectinomycin

Spectinomycin  is an aminocyclitol antibiotic, closely related to the aminoglycosides, produced by the bacterium Streptomyces spectabilis. Spectinomycin is produced in nature by many organisms including cyanobacteria and various plant species. It is present in the genome or plastome of many plastids as the spc operon, which is usually 2–10 amino acids long . The difference in size may be due to the elimination of obsolete genes or the takeover of its function by nuclear genes. Spectinomycin is mainly produced by organisms as a defence mechanism against predators.
It is given by injection to treat gonorrhea, especially in patients who are allergic to spectinomycin   This antibiotic is no longer available in the United States. A resistance-conferring gene for spectinomycin can also be used as a selection marker in bacteria for molecular cloning purposes. Furthermore, Spectinomycin is used as a selection agent for transformed plant cells that contain the selectable marker gene Spcr.

Tuesday, December 10, 2013

Testosterone cypionate


Testosterone cypionate is a steroid hormone from the androgen and is found in mammals and other vertebrates, testosterone cypionate is primarily secreted in the tests of mails and the ovaries of female, although small amount are also secreted by the adrenal glands, testosterone cypionate is the principle male sex hormone and an anabolic steroid.

Testosterone cypionate plays a key role in the development of male reproductive tissue such as the testis and prostates. In addition, testosterone cypionate is essential for health and well-being as well as the prevention of osteoporosis, testosterone cypionate is conserved through most vertebrates, although fish make a slightly difference from called 11-ketotestosterone.

Testosterone cypionate powder produced by my factory has a good quality and competitive price, wellcome to inquiry me testosterone cypionate powder, I can give you a good guide.

Name: Testosterone cypionate
Chemical Name: 4-Androsten-17β-ol-3-one Cypionate
Molecular Formula:Â  C27H40O3
Molecular weight: 412.61
CAS NO: 58-20-8
Content: 98%
Quality standard: enterprise standard
Apperance: white or off-white crystalline powder
Packing: 1kg/foil bag
Storage: shading, confined preservation.

About Vardenafil

Vardenafil belongs to a group of medicines that delay the action of enzymes called phosphodiesterases that can interfere with erectile function. Vardenafil is used to treat men with erectile dysfunction (also called sexual impotence) because it helps to maintain an erection that is produced when the penis is stroked. Vardenafil (INN) is a PDE5 inhibitor used for treating erectile dysfunction .Vardenafil's indications and contra-indications are the same as with other PDE5 inhibitors; it is closely related in function to sildenafil citrate (Viagra) and tadalafil (Cialis). The difference between the vardenafil molecule and sildenafil citrate is a nitrogen atom's position and the change of sildenafil's piperazine ring methyl group to an ethyl group. Tadalafil is structurally different from both sildenafil and vardenafil. Vardenafil's relatively short effective time is comparable to but somewhat longer than sildenafil's.
Beyond its indications for erectile dysfunction, Vardenafil  may be effective in the treatment of premature ejaculation, where it may significantly increase the time from vaginal penetration to ejaculation.

Monday, December 9, 2013

Dimethylaminoethanol

Dimethylaminoethanol, also known as dimethylethanolamine (DMAE and DMEA respectively), is a primary alcohol. This compound also goes by the names of N,N-dimethyl-2-aminoethanol, beta-dimethylaminoethyl alcohol, beta-hydroxyethyldimethylamine and Deanol. It is a transparent, pale-yellow liquid.

Dimethylaminoethanol is used as a curing agent for polyurethanes and epoxy resins. It is also used in mass quantities for water treatment, and to some extent in the coatings industry. It is used in the synthesis of dyestuffs, textile auxiliaries, pharmaceuticals, emulsifiers, and corrosion inhibitors. It is also an additive to paint removers, boiler water and amino resins. It forms a number of salts with melting points below room temperature (ionic liquids) such as N,N-dimethylethanolammonium acetate and N,N-dimethylethanolammonium octanoate, which have been used as alternatives to conventional solvents.
2-Dimethylaminoethyl chloride hydrochloride is an intermediate made from dimethylaminoethanol that is widely used for the manufacture of pharmaceuticals.
DMAE (Dimethylaminoethanol) is a chemical naturally produced in the human brain. It is thought to be used by the body in converting choline to the neurotransmitter, acetylcholine (i.e., it is a precursor to acetylcholine). This is the basis for thinking that supplementing with DMAE will enhance brain activity.DMAE may also provide some benefit in patients with tardive dyskinesia.

About D-ribose



 Some exciting studies have emerged showing how D-ribose affects active human heart tissue and its function.14,15 Investigators have shown how increased ATP levels translate into improved heart muscle function, better blood flow, and quicker recovery with protection from the ravages of reperfusion-induced oxidation.Ischemic (no blood flow) events such as a heart attack cause areas of the heart muscle to “hibernate” exactly as if they were awaiting a higher-energy environment to return to their normal rates of activity. Cardiologists at the Oregon Health Sciences

University studied this phenomenon in a group of patients with coronary artery disease, subjecting them to a “thallium stress test.”16 In this test, patients are injected with a radioactive tracer immediately following moderate exercise, and the distribution of the tracer is followed using special cameras. The patients received either D-ribose infusion or a placebo and the tests were repeated at four and 24 hours, respectively. The groups were then switched to receive the opposite preparation. The results were stunning—the images taken just four hours after D-ribose infusion revealed 21 areas of defective tissue that had not been seen in the placebo group, indicating that D-ribose was “waking up” viable areas of heart muscle and helping improve identification of viable ischemic heart muscle.16 A larger study published the same year showed similar results.17 These studies show that D-ribose not only enhances cardiologists’ ability to accurately gauge the degree of heart damage, but also suggest strongly that this supplement might hasten the recovery of healthy heart function following a heart attack.  

Friday, December 6, 2013

About Tantalum

Tantalum is a chemical element with the symbol Ta and atomic number 73. Previously known as tantalium, its name comes from Tantalus, a character from Greek mythology. Tantalum is a rare, hard, blue-gray, lustrous transition metal that is highly corrosion-resistant. It is part of the refractory metals group, which are widely used as minor components in alloys. The chemical inertness of tantalum makes it a valuable substance for laboratory equipment and a substitute for platinum, but its main use today is in tantalum capacitors in electronic equipment such as mobile phones, DVD players, video game systems and computers. Tantalum, always together with the chemically similar niobium, occurs in the minerals tantalite, columbite and coltan (a mix of columbite and tantalite).

CAS:7440-25-7
Molecular formula:Ta 
Molecular weight:180.95
Tantalum is a rare, hard, blue-gray, lustrous transition metal that is highly corrosion resistant. It is part of the refractory metals group, which are widely used as minor component in alloys.

Rubidium chloride

Rubidium chloride is the alkali metal halide RbCl. This alkali halide finds diverse uses, from electrochemistry to molecular biology.
The sphalerite polymorph of rubidium chloride is extremely rare, resulting in few structural studies. The lattice energy, however, for this formation is predicted to nearly 40.0 kJ/mol smaller than those of the preceding structures.

Rubidium chloride has been shown to modify coupling between circadian oscillators via reduced photaic input to the suprachiasmatic nuclei. The outcome is a more equalized circadian rhythm, even for stressed organisms.
RbCl is an excellent non-invasive biomarker. The compound dissolves well in water and readily be taken up by organisms. Once broken in the body, Rb+ replaces K+ in tissues because they are from the same chemical group. An example of this is the use of a radioactive isotope to evaluate perfusion of heart muscle.
Buy Rubidium chloride 

Thursday, December 5, 2013

Griseofulvin

Griseofulvin (also known as Grisovin, a proprietary name of Glaxo Laboratories) is an antifungal drug that is administered orally. It is used both in animals and in humans, to treat fungal infections of the skin (commonly known as ringworm) and nails. It is derived from the mold Penicillium griseofulvum.
Griseofulvin is an antifungal drug that is administered orally. It is used both in animals and in humans, to treat fungal infections of the skin  and nails.
Griseofulvin is used orally only for dermatophytosis. It is ineffective topically. Griseofulvin is reserved for cases with nail, hair or large body surface involvement.
CAS:126-07-8
Molecular Formula:C17H17ClO6
Molecular Weight:352.77g/mol

About Zafirlukast


Zafirlukast is an oral leukotriene receptor antagonist for the maintenance treatment of asthma, often used in conjunction with an inhaled steroid and/or long-acting bronchodilator. It is used to prevent asthma symptoms.  It is available as a tablet and is usually dosed twice daily.
Zafirlukast  is an oral leukotriene receptor antagonist (LTRA) for the maintenance treatment of asthma, often used in conjunction with an inhaled steroid and/or long-acting bronchodilator. It is available as a tablet and is usually dosed twice daily. Another leukotriene receptor antagonist is montelukast (Singulair), taken once daily. Zileuton (Zyflo), also used in the treatment of asthma via its inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase, is taken four times per day.
Zafirlukast blocks the action of the cysteinyl leukotrienes on the CysLT1 receptors, thus reducing constriction of the airways, build-up of mucus in the lungs and inflammation of the breathing passages.

Wednesday, December 4, 2013

About Carbendazim

Carbendazim is a widely used, broad-spectrum benzimidazole fungicide and a metabolite of benomyl. It is also employed as a casting worm control agent in amenity turf situations such as golf greens, tennis courts etc. and in some countries is licensed for that use only.

The fungicide is used to control plant diseases in cereals and fruits, including citrus, bananas, strawberries, pineapples, and pomes. It is also controversially used in Queensland, Australia on macadamia plantations.A 4.7% solution of Carbendazim ydrochloride, sold as Eertavas, is marketed as a treatment for Dutch elm disease.
Studies have found high doses of carbendazim cause infertility and destroy the testicles of laboratory animals.
Maximum pesticide residue limits (MRLs) have reduced since discovering its harmful effects. The MRLs for fresh produce in the EU are now between 0.1 and 0.7 mg/kg with the exception of loquat, which is 2 mg/kg. The limits for more commonly consumed citrus and pomme fruits are between 0.1 and 0.2 mg/kg.

About Interferon-β (IFN-β)

Interferon-β (IFN-β) is an immunomodulatory agent that has been approved in >80 countries worldwide for the treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS) with a relapsing course. Several studies have found IFN-β beneficial in reducing rates of relapse, whereas others have reported no benefit in this regard.
A systematic review and meta-analysis of published placebo-controlled clinical trials of IFN-β was conducted to determine the efficacy and tolerability of IFN-β in the maintenance of remission of MS and to examine variations in effectiveness according to type of IFN-β and subtype of MS.
PubMed, Scopus, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (1966-May 2010) were searched for English-language reports of placebo- controlled trials on the efficacy and/or tolerability of IFN-β in MS. Three reviewers independently examined the abstracts of identified publications for relevance and extracted pertinent data from the selected reports. The key efficacy outcomes of interest were the number of patients with at least one relapse and the mean change in Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) scores. The key tolerability outcomes were the number of discontinuations due to adverse events, number of deaths, and number of patients with completed suicides or suicide attempts. In addition, specific adverse events of interest (flulike symptoms, injection-site reactions, injection-site inflammation, myalgia, depression, leukopenia, lymphopenia, and increased alanine aminotransferase) were analyzed individually and compared between IFN-β and placebo.
Nine randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials of IFN-β met the criteria for inclusion in the meta-analysis. These studies included a total of 3980 patients with MS (2639 with secondary progressive MS, 50 with primary progressive MS, 359 with relapsing MS, and 932 with relapsing-remitting MS; 2552 women, 1428 men; mean age, 40.6 years) randomized to receive either IFN-β or placebo. Of those randomized to treatment, 1893 received IFN-β-1a or placebo, 2029 received IFN-β-1b or placebo, and 58 received natural IFN-β or placebo. The summary relative risks (RRs) for at least one relapse compared with placebo were as follows: 0.86 (95% CI, 0.76 to 0.97; P = 0.011) for all types of IFN-β across all subtypes of MS (7 trials); 1.11 (95% CI, 0.79 to 1.55) for all types of IFN-β in secondary progressive MS (SPMS) (3 trials); and 0.77 (95% CI, 0.57 to 1.05) for all types of IFN-β in relapsing-remitting MS (2 trials). The summary RR for at least one relapse across all types of MS was 0.97 (95% CI, 0.57 to 1.67) for IFN-β-1a (3 trials) and 0.92 (95% CI, 0.85 to 1.00; P = 0.042) for IFN-β-1b (3 trials). The summary RR for at least one relapse was 0.93 (95% CI, 0.75 to 1.14) in patients with SPMS receiving IFN-β-1b. The pooled effect sizes for the mean change in EDSS score with the IFN-β doses used in the Prevention of Relapses and Disability by Interferon beta-1a Subcutaneously in Multiple Sclerosis Accepted for publication August 19, 2010. study were -1.71 (95% CI, -4.70 to 1.28) for the 22-μg dose and -1.71 (95% CI, -4.70 to 1.27) for the 44-μg dose (2 trials). For the tolerability outcomes, the summary RRs were 2.76 (95% CI, 1.97 to 3.89; P < 0.001) for discontinuation due to adverse events (9 trials), 1.53 (95% CI, 0.45 to 5.15) for death (3 trials), and 0.86 (95% CI, 0.41 to 1.79) for completed suicides and suicide attempts (5 trials). The summary RRs for all adverse events of interest (with the exception of depression) were statistically significant for all types of IFN-β compared with placebo across all types of MS (P < 0.01).
In this meta-analysis of 9 randomized clinical trials, IFN-β was associated with prevention of relapse compared with placebo across all subtypes of MS. However, the effectiveness of IFN-β appeared to vary depending on the type of IFN-β used and the subtype of MS treated.

Tuesday, December 3, 2013

1-Chlorobutane


Molecular Formula : CH3(CH2)3Cl
Appearance : Clear liquid with unpleasant odor
Molecular weight : 92.57
Density : 0.89 g/cm3@20°C
Melting points : -123°C
Boiling point : 77-79°C
Refractive index : 1.4015-1.4025
Flash point : -6°C
Water solubility : 0.066 g/L (30°C)
Application: Organic synthesis
Pharmaceutical intermediate
Packing: 175 Kgs / steel drums.
Transportation: UN NO. 1127
PACKING GROUP : ΙΙ
HAZARD CLASS : 3

About LiFePO4


The lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) battery, also called LFP battery (with "LFP" standing for "lithium ferrophosphate"), is a type of rechargeable battery, specifically a lithium-ion battery, which uses LiFePO
4 as a cathode material. LiFePO4 batteries have somewhat lower energy density than the more common LiCoO2 design found in consumer electronics, but offers longer lifetimes, better power density (the rate that energy can be drawn from them) and are inherently safer. LiFePO4 is finding a number of roles in vehicle use and backup power.

The LiFePO4 attery uses a lithium-ion-derived chemistry and shares many advantages and disadvantages with other Lithium-ion battery chemistries. However, there are significant differences.
LFP chemistry offers a longer cycle life than other lithium-ion approaches.
Like nickel-based rechargeable batteries (and unlike other lithium ion batteries), LiFePO4 batteries have a very constant discharge voltage. Voltage stays close to 3.2V during discharge until the battery is exhausted. This allows the battery to deliver virtually full power until it is discharged. And it can greatly simplify or even eliminate the need for voltage regulation circuitry.

Monday, December 2, 2013

Features of LiMn2O4

High cost performance, low self-discharge and safety.
Limited voltage for charging is 4.2V, cut off voltage for discharge is 3.0V, nominal voltage is 3.7V.
Wide operation temperature range from -30℃ to 55℃.
Suited for large current continuous discharge and pulse discharge.
Long cycle life, ≥800 times

About LiCoO2


 Lithium cobalt oxide ( LiCoO2 ) is a chemical compound commonly used in the positive electrodes of lithium-ion batteries. The structure of LiCoO2 is known theoretically and has been confirmed with techniques like x-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, neutron powder diffraction, and EXAFS:[2] it consists of layers of lithium that lie between slabs of octahedra formed by cobalt andoxygen atoms. The space group is  in Hermann-Mauguin notation, signifying a rhombus-like unit cell with threefoldimproper rotational symmetry and a mirror plane. More simply, however, both lithium and cobalt are octahedrally coordinated by oxygen. These octahedra are edge-sharing, and tilted relative to the layered structure. The threefold rotational axis (which is normal to the layers) is termed improper because the triangles of oxygen (being on opposite sides of each octahedron) are anti-aligned.Batteries produced with  LiCoO2  cathodes, while providing good capacity, are more reactive and have poorer thermal stability than batteries produced with other cathode chemistries (such as the more modern lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide type) due to improved cathode stability. This makes LiCoO2 batteries more susceptible to thermal runaway in cases of abuse such as high temperature operation (>130ºC) or overcharging. At elevated temperatures, LiCoO2 decomposition generates oxygen, which then reacts exothermically with the organic materials in the cell. This may pose a safety concern due to the exceptional speed and magnitude of the highly-exothermic reaction, which can induce thermal runaway in adjacent cells or ignite nearby combustable materials.